Ku wa gatatu, tariki ya 24 Ugushyingo, imbonerahamwe iheruka ya Driving in the Future izaganira ku bijyanye n’ejo hazaza h’umusaruro wa batiri wo muri Kanada ushobora kuba umeze. Waba ufite ibyiringiro-urizera rwose ko imodoka zose zizaba amashanyarazi muri 2035-cyangwa ukeka ko tutazagera kuri iyo ntego ikomeye, imodoka zikoreshwa na batiri nigice cyingenzi cyigihe kizaza. Niba Kanada ishaka kugira uruhare muri iyi mpinduramatwara y’amashanyarazi, dukeneye gushaka uburyo bwo kuba uruganda rukora amashanyarazi yimodoka mu bihe biri imbere. Kugira ngo umenye uko ejo hazaza hameze, reba imbonerahamwe iheruka gukorwa kuri batiri muri Kanada kuri uyu wa gatatu saa 11h00 za mugitondo.
Wibagiwe na bateri zikomeye. Kimwe kijya kumpuha zose zerekeye silicon anode. Ndetse na bateri ya aluminium-ikirere idashobora kwishyurwa murugo ntishobora kunyeganyeza isi yimodoka zamashanyarazi.
Batare yubatswe ni iki? Nibyiza, iki nikibazo cyiza. Kubwamahirwe kuri njye, udashaka kwitwaza ko nshobora kuba ntafite ubuhanga bwubuhanga, igisubizo kiroroshye. Imodoka zamashanyarazi zubu zikoreshwa na bateri zashyizwe mumodoka. Yoo, twabonye uburyo bushya bwo guhisha ubuziranenge bwabo, aribwo kubaka bateri zose za lithium-ion hasi muri chassis, tugakora urubuga rwa "skateboard" ubu rusa nubushakashatsi bwa EV. Ariko baracyatandukanye nimodoka. Ongeraho, niba ubishaka.
Batteri yubatswe ihindura iyi paradigm mugukora chassis yose ikozwe muri selile. Mugihe kizaza gisa nkinzozi, ntabwo igorofa yikuramo imitwaro gusa izaba-aho kuba irimo bateri, ariko ibice bimwe byumubiri-A-nkingi, ibisenge, ndetse, nkuko ikigo cyubushakashatsi cyabigaragaje, birashoboka, The akayunguruzo ko mu kirere kotswa igitutu-ntigizwe na bateri gusa, ariko mubyukuri bigizwe na bateri. Mu magambo ya Marshall ukomeye McLuhan, imodoka ni bateri.
Nibyiza, nubwo bateri ya lithium-ion igezweho isa nubuhanga buhanitse, iraremereye. Ubucucike bw'ingufu za lithium ion buri munsi cyane ugereranije na lisansi, kugirango rero ugere ku ntera imwe n'ibinyabiziga bya peteroli biva mu kirere, bateri ziri muri EV zigezweho ni nini cyane. Nini cyane.
Icy'ingenzi cyane, ziremereye. Nkibiremereye muri "umutwaro mugari". Inzira y'ibanze ikoreshwa mu kubara ingufu za bateri ni uko buri kilo cya lithium ion ishobora kubyara amasaha agera kuri 250 watt-amashanyarazi. Cyangwa mw'isi ahinnye, abajenjeri bakunda, 250 Wh / kg.
Kora imibare mike, bateri 100 kWh ni nka Tesla yacometse muri bateri ya Model S, bivuze ko aho uzajya hose, uzakurura kg 400 za batiri. Nibisabwa byiza kandi byiza. Kuri twe abalayiki, birashobora kuba byiza rwose kugereranya ko bateri 100 kWh ipima ibiro 1.000. Nkigice cya toni.
Noneho tekereza ikintu kimeze nka Hummer SUT nshya, ivuga ko ifite ingufu zingana na 213 kWt. Nubwo general yasanze hari intambwe imaze guterwa mubikorwa, Hummer yo hejuru iracyakurura hafi toni ya bateri. Nibyo, bizagenda kure, ariko kubera izo nyungu zose zinyongera, kwiyongera kurwego ntabwo bihuye no gukuba kabiri bateri. Birumvikana ko ikamyo yayo igomba kuba ifite imbaraga - ni ukuvuga, idakora neza - moteri ihuye. Imikorere yoroheje, ngufi iringaniye. Nkuko buri injeniyeri yimodoka (yaba kubyihuta cyangwa ubukungu bwa peteroli) azakubwira, uburemere numwanzi.
Aha niho haza bateri yubatswe. Mugukora imodoka ziva muri bateri aho kuyongerera mubikorwa bihari, ibyinshi byongeweho birashira. Ku rugero runaka - ni ukuvuga, iyo ibintu byose byubatswe bihinduwe muri bateri - kongera urwego rwimodoka bigenda bigabanuka.
Nkuko wabitekereza-kuko nzi ko wicaye utekereza "Mbega igitekerezo cyiza!" - hari inzitizi zibisubizo byubwenge. Icya mbere nukumenya ubushobozi bwo gukora bateri mubikoresho bishobora gukoreshwa gusa nka anode na cathodes kuri bateri yose y'ibanze, ariko kandi bikomeye cyane-kandi byoroshye! -Imiterere ishobora gushyigikira imodoka ya toni ebyiri nabagenzi bayo, kandi twizeye ko izaba ifite umutekano.
Ntabwo bitangaje, ibice bibiri byingenzi bigize bateri yububiko bukomeye cyane kugeza ubu yakozwe na kaminuza ya tekinoroji ya Chalmers kandi igashora imari muri KTH Royal Institute of Technology, kaminuza ebyiri zizwi cyane muri Suwede-ni fibre karubone na aluminium. Byibanze, fibre karubone ikoreshwa nka electrode mbi; electrode nziza ikoresha lithium fer fosifate ikozwe muri aluminiyumu. Kubera ko fibre karubone nayo ikora electron, ntabwo hakenewe ifeza nini n'umuringa. Cathode na anode bigumishwa gutandukana na matrix ya fibre fibre irimo na electrolyte, ntabwo rero itwara ioni ya lithium hagati ya electrode gusa, ahubwo ikanagabanya umutwaro wubatswe hagati yabyo. Umuvuduko w'izina wa buri selile ya batiri ni volt 2.8, kandi nka bateri zose zikoresha amashanyarazi, zirashobora guhurizwa hamwe kugirango zitange 400V cyangwa 800V zisanzwe zikoreshwa mumashanyarazi ya buri munsi.
Nubwo ibi ari ugusimbuka neza, ndetse n'utugingo ngengabuzima twinshi ntabwo twiteguye igihe cyambere na gito. Ubwinshi bwingufu zabo ni amasaha 25 ya watt-ntarengwa kuri kilo, kandi gukomera kwayo ni gigapascal 25 (GPa), ikaba ikomeye cyane kurenza fibre yikirahure. Icyakora, ku nkunga yatanzwe n'ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe icyogajuru cya Suwede, verisiyo iheruka gukoresha fibre nyinshi ya karubone aho gukoresha electrode ya aluminium foil, abashakashatsi bavuga ko ifite ubukana n'ubucucike. Mubyukuri, bateri za karubone / karubone ziteganijwe gutanga amashanyarazi agera kuri 75 watt-amasaha kuri kilo hamwe na Modulus ya Young ya 75 GPa. Ubucucike bwingufu bushobora kuba bukiri inyuma ya bateri gakondo ya lithium-ion, ariko gukomera kwayo kurubu ni byiza kuruta aluminium. Muyandi magambo, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi chassis diagonal ikozwe muri bateri irashobora kuba ikomeye muburyo bwa bateri ikozwe muri aluminium, ariko uburemere buzagabanuka cyane.
Ikoreshwa ryambere rya bateri yubuhanga buhanitse rwose ni ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Chalmers Porofeseri Leif Asp yagize ati: “Mu myaka mike, birashoboka rwose gukora terefone, mudasobwa igendanwa cyangwa igare ry'amashanyarazi rifite kimwe cya kabiri cy'uburemere bw'uyu munsi kandi rikaba ryoroshye.” Icyakora, nk'uko uwashinzwe umushinga yabigaragaje, “Twebwe rwose bigarukira gusa ku bitekerezo byacu hano.”
Batare ntabwo ishingiro ryimodoka zamashanyarazi zigezweho gusa, ahubwo ni ihuriro ryayo ridakomeye. Ndetse ibyiringiro byinshi birashobora kubona inshuro ebyiri gusa ingufu zingana. Byagenda bite se niba dushaka kubona intera idasanzwe twese twasezeranije - kandi bisa nkaho umuntu buri cyumweru asezeranya kilometero 1.000 kuri kwishyurwa? - Tugomba gukora neza kuruta kongeramo bateri mumodoka: tugomba gukora imodoka muri bateri.
Abahanga bavuga ko gusana by'agateganyo inzira zimwe zangiritse, harimo n'umuhanda wa Coquihalla, bizatwara amezi menshi.
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